Which binaries do I need to compile from Bitcoin Core’s code for running my non-routing node as an end user?

Core Lightning directly interacts only with bitcoin-cli, which in turn interacts with bitcoind. Those are the only two binaries you will need, indipendently of whether you compiled the binaries yourself or downloaded a release from https://bitcoincore.org/ (always double-check that you are downloading from the right place, and check the gitian signatures when possible).

As for your customizations, I would likely not compile with --disable-wallet as that may have some side-effects on propagation of your own transactions, and mempool, however I cannot find any confirmation of this on the docs so it might also be safe.

And finally, the binaries:

• bitcoin-util is a simple utility to test out proof-of-work (https://www.mankier.com/1/bitcoin-util). This likely is not used for anything outside development, so feel free to ignore this one.
• bench_bitcoin is a benchmarking tool, used during development, to ensure there are no performance regressions from version to version.
• test_bitcoin is the testsuite for integration and unit tests. It is also used during development, and not much use outside.
• bitcoin-cli is the bitcoin command line interface, and is the way that most things talk to bitcoind when running, including CLN.